Какая температура вредна для литиевых батарей?
Temperature has a major impact on lithium battery performance and longevity. Both hot and cold conditions can create safety risks, accelerate battery degradation, or limit capacity and efficiency. So how do temperature extremes affect lithium batteries, and at what point do hot or cold conditions become damaging? As a производитель литиевых батарей, I will explore it in this article.
Optimal Temperature Range for Lithium Battery Operation and Storage
Ideally, lithium batteries should be stored and used within a specific temperature window based on the battery’s composition and manufacturer guidelines. Typically, their optimal temperature range is:
- Charge: 32°F to 113°F (0°C to 45°C)
- Discharge: -4°F to 140°F (-20°C to 60°C)
Of course, some high-grade batteries meant for industrial or extreme-use cases may operate safely at even colder temperatures close to -40°F (-40°C). However, for most commercial lithium batteries found in consumer electronics or electric vehicles, charging below freezing is risky and permanently damaging. Exposing them to very high temperatures above 140°F can also jeopardize safety.
So for optimal lifespan and safe functionality, temperatures between 50°F and 95°F (10°C and 35°C) are usually recommended. The closer to room temperature they remain, the better the battery performs. And winter or summer battery handling precautions help prevent issues.
Какая температура вредна для литиевых батарей?
Lithium batteries are sensitive to temperature extremes, which can severely impact their performance, safety, and lifespan. Here’s a breakdown of temperature ranges to avoid and their effects:
1. Below Freezing (32°F/0°C or lower)
Effects:
Electrolyte freezing (below -4°F/-20°C)136.
Permanent capacity loss and increased internal resistance27.
Charging is unsafe below 32°F (0°C)58.
Mitigation: Pre-heat batteries before use in cold climates23.
2. High Heat (Above 113°F/45°C)
Effects:
Accelerated aging and reduced cycle life126.
Risk of thermal runaway (above 140°F/60°C), potentially causing fires or explosions346.
Charging above 113°F (45°C) is unsafe and may cause swelling458.
Mitigation: Use cooling systems and avoid direct sunlight26.
3. Key Risks by Temperature
| Temperature Range | Risks |
|---|---|
| Below 32°F (0°C) | Electrolyte freezing, permanent damage, charging disabled. |
| 32°F–59°F (0°C–15°C) | Reduced capacity and slower chemical reactions. |
| 95°F–113°F (35°C–45°C) | Accelerated aging, reduced lifespan. |
| Above 113°F (45°C) | Thermal runaway risk, charging halted. |
What Happens When Lithium Batteries Get Too Cold?
Frigid temperatures reduce lithium battery capacity and efficiency. Battery chemical reactions vital to operation occur far slower in cold environments due to a drop in ion mobility. This lowers usable battery capacity, limiting energy output and runtime.
Additionally, attempting to charge lithium batteries below freezing, most critically below 20°F (-7°C), is extremely high-risk. Icy temperatures alter the structure of graphite anodes, causing lithium plating where ions deposit on the anode surface instead of properly inserting themselves. Permanent damage occurs.
Key Effects of Freezing Temperatures
- Reduced capacity and runtime
- Battery voltage drops faster
- Charging issues and lithium plating risks
- Permanent loss of capacity over time
Some advanced batteries have built-in heating elements to combat issues charging below 32°F. But in general, charging lithium batteries in sub-zero conditions requires reducing current to around 0.1C or lower to prevent damage. And bringing batteries to room temperature before charging.
High Heat Damages Lithium Batteries Too
While cold reduces usable capacity, high heat accelerates lithium battery aging and can provoke safety issues through thermal runaway triggers. Exposing lithium batteries to ambient summer heat, leaving them inside hot vehicles, or even fast supercharging in hot weather pushes internal battery temperatures to unsafe territory.
Major Risks Posed by High Heat
- Faster loss of battery capacity over charging cycles
- Increased risk of fire or explosion
- Plummeting efficiency and voltage output
- Thermal runaway causing complete failure
How Does Temperature Affect Battery Lifespan?
Temperature extremes diminish battery lifespan in different ways. Freezing conditions hinder performance temporarily. Heat is more permanently damaging over many cycles.
According to one study, raising battery temperature by just 10°C accelerates aging effects by a factor of two. The hotter it gets, the faster destructive chemical reactions degrade lithium batteries. High temperatures also provoke more volatile failures through dangerous thermal runaway.
By contrast, brief exposure to extreme cold mainly lowers short-term performance. Storing lithium batteries around the freezing point doesn’t necessarily reduce their long-term lifespan if charged at warmer temperatures. However, permanent harm may still occur charging them while cold. Room temperatures between 15°C to 35°C (59°F to 95°F) offer peak longevity.
Best Practices for Lithium Battery Temperature Safety
Protecting lithium batteries from damage means understanding safe temperature limits and following practical handling guidelines.
Handle Batteries Properly
Avoid knocking, denting or shaking batteries to limit mechanical stresses. Physical damage coupled with thermal stresses accelerate battery aging. Also keep terminals protected and avoid over-discharging batteries completely.
Store Batteries at Moderate Temperatures
Ideally store lithium batteries around 73°F/23°C in a dry, ventilated space away from sources of heat, moisture or ignition. Seasonal battery storage precautions help preserve lifespan and maintain optimal temperatures.
Don’t Expose Batteries to Extreme Heat
High temperatures above 113°F/45°C pose safety hazards and longevity risks. Avoid direct sunlight exposure or locations trapping radiating heat like hot vehicles. Engine or battery compartment temperatures often exceed 150°F.
Limit Fast Charging in Hot Weather
Rates above 1C strain battery chemistry, accelerating aging. Charging current generates internal heat too, compounding high ambient temperatures. Slow charging avoids this destructive combination whenever possible.
Итоги
Lithium batteries suffer reduced capacity and accelerated aging in temperature extremes, especially high ambient heat. Store batteries around room temperature, avoid charging under 32°F and handle carefully. With proper precautions, lithium batteries reliably deliver power through cold winters or hot summers.
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